Research

Funding: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung - BMBF, 105.500 EUR

Project Details:
The prevention of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-coronavirus (CoV) infection in camels by vaccination has been proven under experimental conditions, involving a dual application mode (combined intramuscular and mucosal application). The most relevant next steps will involve optimizations and simplifications of the immunization scheme, as well as proof of immunity under conditions of natural exposure. Detailed pathological workup and comparison of vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated camels will form an elemental part of these studies. Whether vaccination will lead to limited virus dissemination and reduced inflammatory reactions in immunized animals will therefore be investigated by pathological workup in this project. All obtained pathological findings will be correlated with data on virus shedding in saliva and nasal swabs determined during the vaccination trial.

Cooperation Partners:

D. Muth, C. Drosten, Institut für Virologie, Berlin

A. von Brunn, Max von Pettenkofer Institut München

S. Hippenstiel, Charité and T. Wolff, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin

F. Weber, Institut für Virologie, Gießen (with contribution by J. Ziebuhr)

V. Thiel, Institut für Virologie, Universität Bern/CH

A. Volz, G. Sutter, Institut für Virologie, LMU München

V. Herder, W. Baumgärtner, A. Osterhaus, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover

U. Wernery, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai

A. Karlas, Max Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie Berlin

S. Pöhlmann, Deutsches Primatenzentrum Göttingen

P. Nagy, J. Juhasz, Dubai Camel Industries and Products

Project Details:
Pferde, die am Equinen Metabolischen Syndrom (EMS) oder an der Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) leiden, entwickeln im Zuge dieser Erkrankung eine endokrinologische Störung des Glukose- und Insulinstoffwechsels in Form einer Insulin Dysregulation (ID). Hierbei kommt es zu einer übermäßigen
Ausschüttung von Insulin nach Kohlenhydrataufnahme, einer basalen
Hyperinsulinämie (pathologischer Insulinüberschuss im Blut) oder auch einer peripheren Insulinresistenz, wobei die Aufnahme von Zuckern aus dem Blut in die Zelle gestört ist. Pferde, die an einer ID leiden, haben ein erhöhtes Risiko Hufrehe zu entwickeln und neigen dazu eine regionale oder generalisierte Adipositas (Fettleibigkeit) zu entwickeln. Durch die Untersuchung verschiedener Proteine, die maßgeblich an der Insulinsignalkaskade beteiligt sind, unter nicht- stimulierten und stimulierten Bedingungen, soll versucht werden die zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismen für dieses Risiko bei Pferden mit EMS oder PPID näher zu charakterisieren. Aufgrund der hohen
Bedeutung dieser Stoffwechselerkrankung beim Pferd ist es unabdingbar das Verständnis der ID als Kardinalsymptom von EMS und PPID auch auf molekularer Ebene voran zu treiben um mit diesen Erkenntnissen kausale Therapieansätze entwickeln zu können.

Cooperation Partners:

Prof. Dr. Korinna Huber, Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Fg. Funktionelle Anatomie der Nutztiere, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart

Project Details:
Zunehmend werden die Folgen des Einsatzes auf die Umwelt und den Populationsrückgang verschiedener Vogelspezies, wie dem Mauersegler, sichtbar.Mit diesem Hintergrund sollen Organe von Mauerseglern retrospektiv (Jahre 2009 - 2016) und prospektiv (Jahre 2017 - 2018) auf ausgewählte Pestizide untersucht und ein möglicher Einfluß auf den Gesundheitszustand dieser Vögel überprüft werden.

Results:

https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/5/87

Funding: Industry (Veterinary pharmaceuticals/Vaccines), 25.000 EUR

Project Details:
Oral glycemic challenge tests are recommended for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in equines. Several different protocols are used, but all of them have limitations in terms of palatability, ease of use in the field, not fully disclosed composition and/or region specific availability. The aim of the study is to evaluate new carbohydrate formulations and test their palatability and accuracy as oral glycemic challenge test for assessment of insulin dysregulation in equines.

Project Details:
Kombination einer klinischen bildgebenden Arbeit in der Klinik für Heimtiere, Reptilien, Zier- und Wildvögel; Bildgebende Untersuchungen des Respirationstraktes klinisch gesunder Bartagamen (Pogona spp.) unter Berücksichtigung beeinflussender Parameter in Kombination mit anatomischen und histopathologischen Betrachtungen des Respirationstraktes der Bartagamen; Gemeinschaftsprojekt und Kooperation mit dem Anatomischen Institut.

Project Details:
Many animals use colorations in antipredator strategies. Cryptic coloration conceals the animal on its natural substrate while bright aposematic coloration is paired with unpalatability, for example conveyed by toxins, and functions as warning signal. Geographic variation in coloration shades or patterns have been interpreted as local adaptations to the prevailing local substrates and predator classes. Yellow bellied toads are particularly exciting study objects since they present a cryptic grey-brown coloration in their dorsum, but a highly contrasting yellow-black pattern on their bellies. The toads also possess highly poisonous bombinatoxins in their skin and use a deimatic display, the so-called Unkenreflex, when a predator is close. We studied variation in the cryptic and aposematic coloration in three local populations in Southern Lower Saxony. We found the toads to be most cryptic dorsally on their local substrates, while the internal aposematic contrast on the belly remained constant. Furthermore we investigate whether the toads are able to change their dorsal coloration when placed on substrates of different colorations (darker and brighter substrates). In the next steps, we will analyze whether toads from different localities and substrates differ in their capacities of coloration plasticity and which genes show differential expression (e.g. genes involved in the production of melanin) while the animals adapt their cryptic coloration to their current substrate. Finally we will carry out predation experiments with clay model toads in the field to find out whether the adaptation of cryptic coloration to the local substrate helps to decrease the attack risk by predators.

Results:

Preißler KP, Rodríguez A, Pröhl H (2021) Evidence for coloration plasticity in the yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata. Ecology and Evolution, 11: 17557-17567. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8391

Cooperation Partners:

Kathleen Preißler, TU Braunschweig

Project Details:
Weiterentwicklung bioinformatischer Algorithmen für Meta-Analysen und Netzwerk-Meta-Analysen basierend auf hoch-dimensionalen Daten aus Transkriptom-, Proteom- und anderen Omics-Experimenten.

Results:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jrsm.1337

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-018-4914-4

Funding: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, 856.344 EUR

Project Details:
Aim of the project is to study the impact of synthetic generated marine vibrator (MV) signals on baleen whales. The Arctic area is under constant change from anthropogenic utilisation and climatic alterations. These alterations have implications for the animal living in the area. Seismic airgun array explorations and other oil exploration activities are predicted to increase around Iceland in the near future.
The field work will be conducted in Northeast Iceland off the town Husavik. Here many species of baleen whales are found regularly throughout the summer months in Skjalfandi bay. The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the iconic cetacean off Husavik. Other baleen whales in the area will also be used as target species, such as humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) or minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). All species found off Husavik are also present in Antarctica. Thus, studies of the impact of sound on whales off Husavik are also relevant for Antarctic environmental issues.
The reactions of several baleen whale species on synthetic generated marine vibrator (MV) signals, will be examined on their feeding grounds. The baleen whales will be tagged using acoustic tags. Low frequency sound will be projected via an underwater loud speaker (Argotec sound source). These tags will be able to record sound levels at the animal, vocalization as well as fine scale variations of movements and environmental parameter. By these techniques we will be able to compare swim direction, swim speed, dive profile, behaviour patterns and vocalization before and after sound emission. At the same time, visual observations will be conducted and any behavioural changes will be noticed.

Results:

Sound is the sensory cue that travels farthest through the ocean. It is used by the marine fauna to interpret the marine environment and for intra- and inter-specific communication in marine animals, ranging from invertebrates to large whales. Previously pristine regions such as the Arctic are currently under rapid change driven by human exploitation and global warming. The Arctic is of key importance for many marine organisms, such as feeding blue whales. As intense sound emissions from e.g., oil and gas exploration may have large effects on marine mammals, it is important to look for alternative sound sources. The aim of the project is to study the reactions of blue whales to synthetically generated marine vibroseismic acoustic signals on their feeding grounds. The behaviour of blue whales was measured using combined acoustic and behavioural tags recording received sound level at the animal as well as their dive parameters. An underwater loudspeaker (Argotec sound source, SS-2) was used to expose animals to low- frequency sounds similar to those of Marine Vibrators (MVs), while behavioural responses were measured by the animal-borne tag. Additionally, visual observations and acoustic buoys were used to record further behavioural responses. The source level of the loudspeaker was found to be 180-188 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m, by analysing measured received levels at different ranges during the Controlled Exposure Experiments. The maximum distance to the loudspeaker where behavioural changes, including acoustic responses, are expected to occur, following the NMFS (NMFS, 2022) marine mammal behavioural response criterion of 120 dB re 1 μPa, was modelled at a range up to 11.1 km. During the sound exposure changes in blue whale behaviour were found in time spent at the surface (< 2 m water depth) for dive and post-dive duration, compared to the baseline behaviour. Tagged animals were continuously foraging before exposure, but stopped briefly foraging during vibroseismic playback, displaying only non- foraging dives activities. We observed that blue whales changed their signal?s amplitude, duration, repetition rate, and frequency, which can be interpreted as a compensatory mechanism for increased ambient noise. This ability to overcome masking noise by adjusting their vocalisation is crucial for communicating despite the presence of vibroseismic signals. These reactions occurred for whales within the 11 km behaviour response range. Despite the lack of direct comparative studies, it can be assumed that the reactions of the blue whales are probably less severe for MVs than other sound sources used for oil and gas exploration (such as airguns), however our study emphasize the need for cautionary approaches when using MVs at closer ranges from blue whales.

Funding: DFG, 199.050 EUR

Project Details:
The role of NMDA receptors in neuronal plasticity is well established. However, their role in intracellular voltage-signaling and sensory processing is less well characterized, yet they are implicated in amplifying action potential firing rates. To understand the cellular basis for this NMDA dependent amplification of firing rate, its influence on sensory processing and the carried sensory information we will perform in vivo and in vitro recordings of neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) - an auditory brainstem structure important for binaural hearing. We will determine the synaptic interactions of excitation and inhibition with NMDA receptor conductances to understand their contributions to intracellular voltage-signaling in vitro. Using in vivo pharmacology we will answer what impact NMDA receptors have on sound driven firing rates. Thereby, the DNLL serves on the one hand as a read out nucleus where the impact of NMDA receptors on relaying binaural information will be quantified. On the other hand we will assay in vivo the direct binaural interactions at the level of the DNLL to understand the influence of NMDA receptors on interactions between inhibition and excitation. We hypothesize that these interactions might be crucial in terminating a long lasting inhibition that is regarded as a cellular correlate for the suppression of sound sources during echoes.

Results:

Felmy F.: The nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. The Oxford Handbook of auditory brainstem. Edited by Karl Kandler. 2019

 

Kladisios N., Fischer L., Felmy F.: Minimal Number of Required Inputs for Temporally Precise Action Potential Generation in Auditory Brainstem Nuclei. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020 Nov 5;14:592213

 

Siveke I., Lingner A., Ammer J.J., Gleiss S.A., Grothe B., Felmy F.: A Temporal Filter for Binaural Hearing Is Dynamically Adjusted by Sound Pressure Level. Front Neural Circuits. 2019 Feb 13; 13:8.

 

Siveke I., Ammer J.J., Gleiss S.A., Grothe B., Leibold C., Felmy F.: Electrogenic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling enhances binaural responses in the adult brainstem. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2018, 47, 858-865

Funding: DFG, 248.138 EUR

Project Details:
Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Aufklärung der genetischen Mechanismen, die die Lockenbildung im Haarkleid beeinflussen. Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Untersuchungen im Rahmen dieses DFG-Projektes konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Lockenbildung zwar durch einzelne Mutation initiiert wird, jedoch weitere genetische Prozesse die Struktur und Stärke der Locken beeinflussen. Im weiteren Verlauf dieser Studien soll nun anhand des Tiermodels Schwein vergleichend zum Pferd untersucht werden, welche Gene in der Haarentwicklung interagieren und jahreszeitlich- und temperaturabhängige Unterschiede verursachen. Dabei sollen durch Haarprobennahmen in einer einheitlichen Umgebung, in monatlichen Intervallen und über die Generationen hinweg Gen-Expressionsunterschiede im Haaren mittels Next Generation Sequencing Technologie analysiert werden. Das Mangaliza Wollschwein stellt hierfür durch sein im Vergleich zum Pferd kürzeres Generationsintervall und die höhere Nachkommenzahl ein geeignetes Model zur Verifizierung dar. Diese Herangehensweise bietet einen ganz neuen Ansatz in der Erforschung der Haarentwicklung und soll damit Mechanismen erklären, die tierartübergreifend für die Ausprägung eines lockigen Haares entscheidend sind.
Darüber hinaus soll durch die Aufklärung der genetischen Variante für die charakteristische und sehr rassetypische Lockenbildung beim Mangaliza Wollschwein einen Beitrag zur Arterhaltung dieser bedrohten Rasse geleistet werden.

Results:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2023.1184015/full