Research

Funding: DFG, 482.000 EUR

Project Details:
Streptococcus suis is a frequent colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of pigs, but can also cause severe systemic diseases like meningitis and septicemia. However, pathogenesis of S. suis infection and the role of its virulence-associated factors, namely the pore-forming toxin suilysin (SLY) and the D-alanine-D-alanyl carrier ligase (DltA), is still not fully understood. So far, it is known that SLY damages different host cells by lytic pore formation and induces an inflammatory response leading to the release of cytokines, especially by monocytes/macrophages, and the recruitment of neutrophils. D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acids in the cell wall by DltA is known to increase resistance against antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and phagocytosis of S. suis by neutrophils.
Our aim is to clarify the role of SLY and DltA in S. suis colonization of the porcine respiratory tract, systemic dissemination via the bloodstream, and invasion of the central nervous system. Thereby we will focus on their influence on innate immunity cells and the crosstalk between monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. We hypothesize that the host compartments influence the expression of sly and dltA differentially and that vice versa SLY and DltA influence the host?s innate immune response by modulating the crosstalk between neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages contributing to the resistance of. S. suis towards immune defense mechanisms.
To investigate this, we will use complex in vitro cell culture systems that closely mimic the in vivo situation of the three main host compartments: a co-culture system of primary respiratory epithelial cells differentiated under air-liquid interface conditions and alveolar macrophages, porcine precision-cut lung slices, a reconstituted whole blood model, and the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier model. Infection experiments will be performed with S. suis serotype 2 wild-type strain (wt), its isogenic mutants Δsly, ΔdltA, and ΔdltAΔsly as well as the respective complemented mutant strains.
We will start with the analysis of sly and dltA expression in the three compartments by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, followed by the investigation of the neutrophil and the monocyte/macrophage response towards S. suis wt and sly- and dltA-deficient mutants. We will focus on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, reactive oxygen species production, phagocytic activity, and the release of certain cytokines and AMPs. Finally, we will investigate how secretions from monocytes/macrophages induced by S. suis infection influence neutrophils regarding their transmigration, inflammatory response, and phagocytic capacity, and vice versa.
The detailed investigation of the innate immune response towards S. suis infection in the three different compartments will help to better understand the switch of S. suis as a colonizer to an invasive pathogen, and how SLY and DltA are involved in this process.

Cooperation Partners:

Dr. Sophie Öhlmann (Institut für Bakteriologie und Mykologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig)

Funding: DFG- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 456.829 EUR

Project Details:
PREGROW-project aims to provide a single nuclei transcriptional profile of the pituitary and its downstream targets in miniature-sized and larger-sized pigs as a model for prepubescent growth control. This approach is meant to meet a big challenge we encounter in research work on growth: Body size is a whole-organism phenotype with many different tissues involved, and the variant effects are expected to be complex. For this reason, PREGROW aims at studying the genetic landscape of growth-axis-related tissues in the pig, providing a genetic resource for deciphering mechanisms of gene interplay, and underlying variant effects. The objective is to perform a functional trait-cell type enrichment for previously identified genome-wide associated growth and height loci obtained from GWAS by assigning them to cell types identified in gene expression data on single nuclei level. The project aims at identifying those genes, which are differential in large versus miniature pigs, and can thereby be considered as important fine-regulators of prepubescent growth in pigs, in addition to the known hormonal axis regulation by growth hormone/IGF.

Cooperation Partners:

Prof. Malte Spielmann, Universität zu Lübeck

Funding: Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein, Tönning, 83.205 EUR

Project Details:
As part of the seal live monitoring program, harbour seals and other seal species are caught with nets in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea. In addition to staff from the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, this campaign is carried out with the help of experienced staff from the State Office for Coastal and Nature Conservation, seal hunters and other helpers. The seals are measured (including blubber thickness via ultrasound) and weighed. Blood, hair and faecal samples as well as swabs for bacteriology and virology are taken. Based on the samples, blood counts are drawn up and blood chemistry, cytology, microbiology, virology and serology tests are carried out. Furthermore, tests for heavy metals (hair and blood) and persistent organic pollutants are performed.In addition, parasitological examinations for the detection and species identification of parasites as well as cytological and pathological processing of changes in the animal body are done. If grey seals are caught during the seal catches, the named examinations will also be carried out on them.
The examinations are carried out in cooperation with the Institute of Virology and the Institute of Pathology at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, the Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases at the Justus Liebig University Giessen, the Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS) of the University of Liege (Belgium) and the department of Ecological Chemistry of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ) Leipzig. In addition to these investigations, seals are also equipped with telemetry devices as part of other research projects and doctoral theses.

Cooperation Partners:

Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS) der Universität Liege (Belgien)

Department Ökologische Chemie des Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH (UFZ) Leipzig

Funding: Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein, 49.580 EUR

Project Details:
The ITAW has been conducting research on marine mammals for more than 30 years and, with over 50 employees at the institute in Büsum, has sufficient highly qualified professionels on hand. The aim of the scientists is to investigate the ecology and physiology of marine mammals and to assess the impacts of humans on the animals, their health and their population.
In the project "Monitoring of marine mammal strandings", all reporting forms completed by the seal hunters are digitized and transferred to a database. This reporting forms are filled in by the seal hunters of Schleswig-Holstein for every stranded marine mammal, both for stranded sick or dead animals, and contain information on stranding date, location, species and condition of the animal/carcass. This data is summarized and evaluated annually in order to investigate trends in stranding numbers for the three resident marine mammal species and to assess the possible causes for the stranding. Furthermore, the data is regularly cross-referenced with the data from the cases investigated at the ITAW. This enables a more comprehensive and objective assessment of the situation of the native marine mammal population. In addition, more complex scientific evaluations can be carried out than before and the resulting findings can be used directly by the responsible authorities for the further development of existing management plans.

Funding: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung / DLR, 182.810 EUR

Project Details:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat that involves complex, opaque transmission
processes between humans, animals and the environment. The particular role of wildlife and the
environment in the emergence, maintenance, dissemination and transmission of AMR bacteria and AMR genes is widely unknown. In the MARRES project, AMR bacteria from grey and harbour seals of the North and Baltic Sea and of sea water (environmental - eDNA) will be determined to perform a targeted surveillance of these two marine ecosystems. State of the art microbiological techniques, genome and metagenome sequencing will be applied. The evaluation of published human and animal AMR data of the investigated areas as well as on a global scale shall put the obtained results from this almost unexplored field into a One Health context. The approach covers three One Health settings of marine ecosystems as one of the greatest players in Global Health. It promises to provide relevant insight into transmission pathways of AMR bacteria, including pathogens, and of AMR determinants between humans, wildlife and the environment. A database for AMR associated to marine mammals in the Baltic Sea will be established following the FAIR principles. On a longer term, this project should be the starting point to establish a transnational network between experts in the field of AMR and marine biologists in Europe. The implementation of a harmonized AMR surveillance in the marine ecosystem sector will significantly contribute to AMR mitigation strategies and thus to public health.

Cooperation Partners:

Project coordination: Prof. Dr. Christa Ewers, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany

Dr. Iwona Pawliczka vel Pawlik, University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography, Hel Marine Station, Poland

Prof. Modestas Ruzauskas, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuania

?ilvinas Kleiva, PhD, Lithuanian Sea Museum, Lithuania

Martin Hölzer, Robert Koch Institute, Germany

Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 155.950 EUR

Project Details:
Abstract:
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious morbillivirus, which causes severe systemic disease with involvement of the respiratory tract in domestic and wildlife carnivores. Innate immune cells play a key role in the pathogenesis in a variety of viral respiratory diseases. However, the knowledge about pulmonary innate immunity in canine distemper is still fragmentary. The envisioned project is based on our previous work, in which it could be demonstrated that innate immune cells are able to carry CDV to facilitate cell-to-cell transmission in the respiratory tract and that restriction of antiviral signaling pathways of innate immune cells enhance virus release from the lung in canine distemper. The first part of the project aims at investigating the polarizing effect of CDV upon innate immune cells in vitro. Here the ability of CDV to influence the phenotype of pulmonary and blood-derived macrophages, and the maturation state of monocyte-derived dendritic cells will be analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, virus-mediated effects upon macrophages and dendritic cells will be characterized by whole transcriptome analyses and functional assays, including mixed leukocyte reaction, as well as migration, phagocytosis and nitric oxide release assays. In the second part, the impact of macrophage polarity and dendritic cell maturation upon CDV cell entry and the capacity of modulated innate immune cells to transmit CDV to the airway epithelium will be investigated using canine air-liquid interface cultures and precision-cut lung slices. In addition, virus-induced cytopathic effects and ultrastructural changes, such as ciliary pathology and apoptosis induction, as well as the regenerative capacity of infected cultures will be determined. The study will give mechanistic insights in the dysfunction of pulmonary innate immunity in CDV infection and its impact on disease pathogenesis. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms through which pathogens regulate innate immune cell plasticity will contribute to the discovery of therapeutic targets in morbillivirus diseases and prevention of virus transmission to other hosts.

Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 155.950 EUR

Project Details:
Abstract:
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious morbillivirus, which causes severe systemic disease with involvement of the respiratory tract in domestic and wildlife carnivores. Innate immune cells play a key role in the pathogenesis in a variety of viral respiratory diseases. However, the knowledge about pulmonary innate immunity in canine distemper is still fragmentary. The envisioned project is based on our previous work, in which it could be demonstrated that innate immune cells are able to carry CDV to facilitate cell-to-cell transmission in the respiratory tract and that restriction of antiviral signaling pathways of innate immune cells enhance virus release from the lung in canine distemper. The first part of the project aims at investigating the polarizing effect of CDV upon innate immune cells in vitro. Here the ability of CDV to influence the phenotype of pulmonary and blood-derived macrophages, and the maturation state of monocyte-derived dendritic cells will be analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, virus-mediated effects upon macrophages and dendritic cells will be characterized by whole transcriptome analyses and functional assays, including mixed leukocyte reaction, as well as migration, phagocytosis and nitric oxide release assays. In the second part, the impact of macrophage polarity and dendritic cell maturation upon CDV cell entry and the capacity of modulated innate immune cells to transmit CDV to the airway epithelium will be investigated using canine air-liquid interface cultures and precision-cut lung slices. In addition, virus-induced cytopathic effects and ultrastructural changes, such as ciliary pathology and apoptosis induction, as well as the regenerative capacity of infected cultures will be determined. The study will give mechanistic insights in the dysfunction of pulmonary innate immunity in CDV infection and its impact on disease pathogenesis. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms through which pathogens regulate innate immune cell plasticity will contribute to the discovery of therapeutic targets in morbillivirus diseases and prevention of virus transmission to other hosts.

Funding: Volkswagenstiftung, 657.600 EUR

Project Details:
Eine potentiell flächendeckende Wiedervernässung der Moore zwecks Revitalisierung und CO2-Speicherung führt über die extensive Nutzung zum Anfall ligninreicher Primärbiomasse, die nicht effizient für die klassische Tierhaltung nutzbar ist. Diese Biomasse kann bisher maximal energetischen Zwecken dienen, was aber in Zukunft im Sinne einer ehrgeizigen Energiewende und Kreislaufwirtschaft nicht mehr zielführend ist. Im Rahmen diese Projektes soll die Lignozellulosestruktur der organischen Rohstoffe technisch durch Vorbehandlungen aufgebrochen werden und die dann insgesamt besser verdauliche Biomasse anschließend für eine dezentrale Insektenproduktion genutzt werden. Modellhaft sollen Standard-Insektenlarven (schwarze Soldatenfliege) und Spezialitäten (Mehlwurm, Grillen etc.) aufgezogen werden. So sollen skalierbar hochwertige Rohstoffe für die Heimtierernährung oder perspektivisch neuartige Lebensmittel produziert werden.

Cooperation Partners:

Deutsches Institut für Lebensmitteltechnik e.V., Quakenbrück

Dr. Kashif ur Rehman

Funding: Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (BLE), 630.245 EUR

Project Details:
The FUETURE project aims to efficiently utilize regional feed resources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency in broiler chicken production. It seeks to develop an innovative approach based on the use of adaptable and resilient sustainably cultivated feed crops and previously underutilized domestic crops. Sustainability will be strengthened by reducing imports of unsustainable soy products from overseas. The scientific objective is to formulate regional feed rations taking into account sustainability criteria and the availability of co-products to reduce the environmental footprint of chicken meat. The environmental impact will be significantly reduced through innovative feed technology and precise supplementation of feed additives. The project aims to strengthen more sustainable regional food production and supports the German sustainability strategy.

Cooperation Partners:

KWS Lochow GmbH, Technische Hochschule Bingen, IFF Braunschweig

Funding: Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, 699.195 EUR

Project Details:
The grey partridge (Perdix perdix L.) was once a common, ubiquitous game bird in Germany's agricultural landscapes and of great hunting importance in small game reserves. With the modernization and intensification of agriculture in Germany and the accompanying changes in landscape structure, the population densities of the grey partridge have fallen sharply throughout Germany, often by more than 90 % in large areas of its range. The dramatic nature of the decline, particularly in recent decades, has led to a focus on investigations into the causes of the decline and the resulting findings have been incorporated into corresponding nature and species conservation concepts for the preservation of existing populations, particularly for habitat enhancement and reintroduction.
The project's research concept ties in with the project "Lebensraum Feldflur Niedersachsen (LVFN)" initiated by the Landesjägerschaft Niedersachsen e.V. (LJN) in spring 2019, which also supports the reintroduction of partridges, among other things. The aim of the project is to scientifically evaluate the reintroduction of partridges using a holistic approach. The holistic approach is to be achieved by working on various work modules, such as the establishment of a monitoring system with standardized recording methods in the reintroduction areas, the evaluation of the influence of predation, the genetic and hygienic aspects of animals to be released into the wild, and the recording of survival and reproduction successes. The knowledge gained from this can contribute to the improvement of reintroduction measures.