Research

Funding: Aarhus University, DK, 9.736 EUR

Project Details:
In 2021, data on the abundance and distribution of marine mammals were to be collected as part of an environmental impact assessment. The study area is located in the Kattegat near the Danish island of Hesselø. A new offshore wind farm is to be built there. The main target species of the present survey was the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena).
The flight surveys were conducted by Aarhus University and followed the line transect method. In total, the area was surveyed three times in 2021. ITAW was commissioned by Aarhus University to accompany the planning and organisation of the new survey and to quality assure and evaluate the collected data.

Results:

For the three surveys of the study area, densities and abundances of harbour porpoises were estimated and the inaccuracies (95% confidence intervals and coefficient of variation (CV)) associated with the estimation were determined. The processed data and results were submitted to the client.

Funding: MELUND, 19.177 EUR

Project Details:
Since 2002, ITAW has been conducting flight-based surveys for harbour porpoises in the EEZ and the 12sm zone of the North Sea. A dedicated monitoring of harbour porpoises in the North Sea and Baltic Sea has been carried out in projects of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) since 2008. Within the framework of this survey and monitoring, valuable data series on the spatio-temporal occurrence and density of harbour porpoises could be collected including the area of the whale sanctuary in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park.
ITAW also has proven expertise in bioacoustics and acoustic monitoring of cetaceans. Click Detectors (C-PODs) have already been used in numerous projects to study harbour porpoise habitat use and the effects of offshore wind farm construction and operation on harbour porpoises. The LKN POD monitoring has been operated by ITAW since 2011 and valuable data on acoustic harbour porpoise activity could also be collected in the area of the whale sanctuary in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea.
The aim of the project is to evaluate the whale sanctuary in terms of occurrence, abundance, seasonality and importance of the whale sanctuary as a habitat for harbour porpoises for feeding and as a calving and breeding area.
For this purpose, the following data sources are to be evaluated in depth:
a) Dedicated visual surveys to record harbour porpoise abundance in the German North Sea (12 nm plus EEZ);
b) Modelled density area maps to determine model-based abundance;
c) Acoustic monitoring of harbour porpoises using stationary click detectors (C-PODs) in the Wadden Sea.

Results:

Abschlußbericht im Auftrag des Landesbetriebes für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-

Holstein (LKN.SH) und des Ministeriums für Energiewende, Klimaschutz, Umwelt und Natur

(MEKUN)

https://www.tiho-hannover.de/fileadmin/57_79_terr_aqua_Wildtierforschung/79_Buesum/downloads/Berichte/Walschutzgebiet_Bericht_ITAW_20221012_final.pdf

Funding: Ministerium für Energiewende,Landwirtschaft, Umwelt, Natur und Digitalisierung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, 62.000 EUR

Project Details:
The project carried out for the Ministry for Energy Transition, Agriculture, Environment, Nature and Digitalisation (MELUND) aims to record the development of the health status of wild harbour seals in Schleswig-Holstein. A distinction is made between live and dead monitoring.
In the course of the live monitoring, the State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Conservation (LKN) finances seal captures on the Lorenzensplate. Here, the seals are caught alive, fixed in tube nets and measured lengthwise for an approximate size reference. In addition, blood and swab samples are taken from the seals for further examination. After the examination and sampling, the animals are released.
For the monitoring of dead seals, seals found dead or killed for animal welfare reasons are brought from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the ITAW in Büsum, where they are autopsied. The autopsies serve to record data on morphometry and population structure as well as to examine the health status of the individuals. In addition, the causes of disease and, if possible, the causes of death are recorded. After the macroscopic examination, organ samples are also examined histopathologically. In addition, samples are taken for further examinations, which include bacteriology and virology, but also toxicology and screening for microplastic particles.
Since ITAW has been monitoring both live and dead seals for several years, the investigations described above provide a good overview of the current health of the seal populations in the North Sea and Baltic Sea and how it compares to previous years. In addition, the studies serve to address a wide range of other questions. For example, human influences on the marine mammals can be investigated or the occurrence of important infectious and potentially dangerous zoonotic pathogens can be monitored.
The cooperation of the ITAW staff with the so-called seal hunters is fundamental to the existence of the project. These work on a voluntary basis for the state of Schleswig-Holstein and are often the first people to contact when sick seals are found on the beach. They are trained by the ITAW in cooperation with the administration of the Wadden Sea National Park and the Friedrichskoog Seal Station so that they can decide independently whether the seals need help. If there is no prospect of recovery and a further life in the wild for the seals due to serious illness or injury, the seal hunters can release the animals from their suffering.

Results:

Untersuchungen zum Gesundheitszustand von Seehunden

in Schleswig-Holstein im Jahr 2021

Bericht an das Ministerium für Energiewende, Landwirtschaft, Umwelt, Natur und Digitalisierung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein und den Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein

https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/fachinhalte/A/artenschutz/Downloads/seehundbericht2021.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2

Funding: Industry (Feed manifacturing) , 22.000 EUR

Funding: Industry (Veterinary pharmaceuticals/Vaccines), 489.252 EUR

Project Details:
Die Impfstoffentwicklung gegen COVID-19 ist von höchster Dringlichkeit, wofür es jedoch zunächst einiger prä-klinischer Experimente bedarf, bevor Studien im Menschen angewandt werden können. MVA-SARS-CoV-2 Impfstoffe sollen hierfür im Tiermodell auf Sicherheit und Immunogenität getestet werden. Dabei soll das Hamstermodell im Vordergrund stehen, da Hamster ein ähnlich aufgebautes ACE-2 Protein exprimieren und sich darüber hinaus schon in der SARS-CoV-1 Forschung als Tiermodell bewährt haben.

Funding: Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (MWK), 50.000 EUR

Project Details:
One of the key evolutionary events of life on earth is the emergence of organisms that use multiple cell types for the division of labour. How this occurred and how multicellular organisms (metazoans) establish and maintain an organized architecture is yet poorly understood. As a consequence, malfunctions of epithelial tissue organization and architecture, like cancer growth, are even more poorly understood. Modern technical innovations and the synergy of multiple scientific fields, including evolutionary biology, space research and cancer genetics have recently opened completely new opportunities to address the genetic control of tissue organisation in metazoans and to better understand regulatory malfunctions, including the origin of cancer cells in humans.
The key biological tool to generate normal epithelial architecture is through the control of asymmetry at the cell and organism level. This is coordinated by a highly conserved set of proteins known as cell polarity regulators. Importantly, the cell polarity complexes Scribble, Par and Crumbs complexes are considered to be a metazoan innovation with apicobasal polarity and adherens junctions believed to be present in all animals. As disorganisation of tissue architecture is a hallmark of epithelial cancer and its repair is critical for organ regeneration, a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms regulating tissue architecture should provide key insights into human health.
We have been developing the simplest of all metazoan animals, the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens,into a powerful model system to study the genetics behind cell polarity regulation in vivo and in full depth. In Trichoplax the genetics underlying cell polarity regulation is substantially less clouded than in humans, e.g. the number of to be tested regulatory gene interactions is more than 800 times smaller (although all principal gene families for building epithelial tissue polarity are already present in Trichoplax). Preliminary experiments have shown that we are able to experimentally disrupt polarity orientation in growing Trichoplax by removing gravity as the physical stimulus in a micro-gravity chamber. We have thus brought together an international team of experts for (i) the model system Trichoplax adehaerens, (ii) cell polarity genetics, (iii) microgravity space science, and (iv) cancer research. Our initial experiments indicate that as a team we will be able to experimentally introduce cell polarity loss in space flights, identify the genetic control of the off-set of cell polarity, experimentally test candidate regulatory gene interactions for polarity offset, rebuild protein effectors and test these in human cancer cell lines. Clearly the synergy of biological, physical and medical science approaches is more than the sum of the components. Here it can not only lead to a better understanding of the organisation of tissue architecture but it can also prepare the grounds for sensitive assays of cell malfunctions leading to cancer. As a long-shot even the development of vaccines against cancer in humans seems in range.

Cooperation Partners:

1) Deutsches Luft- und Raumfahrtzentrum (DLR);

2) LaTrobe University, Medical School, Melbourne, Australia

3) Yale University, Yale Genomics Center, New Haven, USA

4) Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain

5) Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie, France

Funding: University of Iceland's Research Center in Húsavík, 43.611 EUR

Project Details:
The aim of this project is to assess hearing abilities and adaptations in marine animals as a part of a broad, comparative study examining how animals use acoustic signals and cues. In cooperation with the University of Iceland?s Research center the hearing of stranded, wild caught and aquarium-housed fishes, birds, marine mammals and turtles will be measured. In order to assist in assessing hearing capabilities and possible impairments, the measurements will be determined in rehabilitation facilities, research facilities and in the field. In addition to aiding treatment decisions, this work will assist the understanding of how these animals use and are affected by ocean noise.

The specific objectives of this study include:
1.Conduct field-based, in-air evoked potential audiograms to address the initial sensitivity, and potential species differences of three Auk species.
2.Establish the in-air psychophysical (behavioral) audiograms of 1-3 Auk species.
3.Establish the underwater psychophysical (behavioral) audiograms of 1-3 Auk species.
4.Compare psychological and behavioral methods, and underwater vs. air results to evaluate the best means to quantify Auk hearing, setting the foundation for future noise-exposure studies
5.Determine the levels at which Auks show temporary threshold shift (TTS) responses to sonar.

Results:

Hansen, KA, Hernandez, A, Mooney, TA, Rasmussen, M, Sørensen, K and Wahlberg, M. 2020. Common murres (Uria aalge) react to underwater noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 147: 4069-4074. doi: 10.1121/10.0001400 

https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0001400

Cooperation Partners:

University of Iceland's Research Center in Húsavík, Dr. Marianne Rasmussen

Funding: Ministerium für Energiewende, Landwirtschaft, Umwelt, Natur und Digitalisierung, 42.766 EUR

Project Details:
Two populations of harbour porpoise occur in the coastal waters of the German Baltic Sea, of which the "Western Belts Sea population" is significantly larger than the "Central Belts Sea population", which is considered to be in danger of extinction. The habitat of harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea is intensively affected by human activities and factors that can have a negative impact on harbour porpoise populations. These include commercial shipping, tourist recreational activities, seismic surveys, military activities, fishing, offshore construction, blasting of munitions waste, chemical and pharmaceutical pollution and marine litter. Due to the desired energy turnaround and the accompanying expansion of wind energy, numerous wind farms have already been built in German sea areas in recent years and many more are still planned. There are still large quantities of munitions from the Second World War in the Baltic Sea. In order to exclude any danger to people and machinery, these munitions are often blasted in a controlled manner. These blasts generate very high sound energy levels in the low-frequency range, which can propagate over long distances and have a negative effect on marine mammals. The reception of high sound levels, e.g. during pile driving or blasting, can lead to disturbances in the porpoise's feeding activity or even to hearing injuries. In the Baltic Sea in particular, harbour porpoises continue to be threatened by fishing with gillnets, in which harbour porpoises can end up as unintentional bycatch. In order to warn harbour porpoises of set gillnets, acoustic warning devices are increasingly being used in the German Baltic Sea to warn harbour porpoises of nets. These warning devices (Porpoise Alert = PAL) simulate the communication sound of porpoises. Whether these devices lead to a reduction in bycatch has not yet been conclusively investigated. There is also currently no accompanying research to investigate whether these devices lead to a displacement of harbour porpoises.
Harbour porpoises from the North and Baltic Seas are likely to be in poorer health than animals from Arctic waters, which are currently hardly exposed to anthropogenic factors, as a result of high pressure from human factors. Studies on reproductive capacity and age structure have shown that the mean age at death of female harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea is only 3.67 (±0.3) years, although harbour porpoises can live 20-25 years. Since females do not reach sexual maturity until they are 4.95 (±0.6) years old, early mortality is serious in terms of population development. Only through continuous monitoring can trends in the occurrence of harbour porpoises be detected.
The aim of this study is to investigate the habitat use of harbour porpoises in the western part of the Baltic Sea by means of "passive acoustic monitoring". For this purpose, harbour porpoise click detectors (C-PODs) will be deployed at a total of four positions to detect the presence of harbour porpoises. The measuring positions are to cover the area of the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic Sea that has not been covered by continuous monitoring so far.

Results:

Report only German

https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/fachinhalte/A/artenschutz/meeressaeuger

Funding: Landesbetrieb f. Küstenschutz, Nationalpark u. Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein, Tönning, 51.769 EUR

Project Details:
Harbour porpoises are representatives of marine mammal top predators in the North Sea and Wadden Sea. With the amendment of the National Park Act in 1999, part of the national park was explicitly dedicated to the protection of harbour porpoises, since a high density of mother-calf groups was found in this area. As part of the reorganization of the Federal-State Marine Programme (BLMP), a programme for the joint monitoring of marine mammals was agreed in January 2011, which meets the requirements of monitoring in accordance with the relevant European directives and international conventions. The Schleswig-Holstein National Park Administration (NPV) in the Schleswig-Holstein State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Conservation (LKN) is responsible for organizing, implementing and financing the acoustic monitoring of harbour porpoises in this programme. The acoustic surveys for the NPV are carried out by the Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW) as part of the joint marine mammal monitoring within the BLMP. For this purpose, measuring stations are operated at four defined locations in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea (Lister Tief, Meldorfer Bucht, Rochelsteert and Westerland). Since this year another measuring station was deployed in the Elbe estuary. The measuring stations are equipped with click detectors (C-PODs), which record the echolocation activity of harbor porpoises. The C-PODs are serviced and data downloaded at regular intervals. The obtained data is evaluated against the background of the optimization of the acoustic monitoring as well as necessary extensions for a permanent operation of the measuring stations. The data from this long-term study will provide information on the possible pattern and tidal dependency of harbor porpoise detections throughout the day and over the course of a year.

Results:

The data analysis showed that harbor porpoises have been detected at all monitoring positions over the study period to date. However, spatial (between stations) and temporal differences (individual years, over the course of a year, over the course of a day) in detection rates were documented. At the station Lister Tief (LT), on the eastern side of Sylt, the lowest detection rates were recorded. The station Westerland (WL), west of Sylt in the whale sanctuary, has the highest detection rates (maximum per day) over the study period. The station Meldorfer Bucht (MB), which is located in the immediate vicinity of Büsum harbour, also showed very high detection rates, with an increasing trend in the summer months. The modelling of the individual stations could clearly show that there is a strong seasonality in the harbor porpoise detections. All stations show a maximum in detections in spring, in the period from mid-March to mid-April. This period is just before the phase of the highest birth rate, which lasts from mid-June to end of July. During this period, increased detections were only detected at station MB. Approximately two months after breeding begins the mating season of harbour porpoises in the North Sea. Within this period, an increased detection was observed at Rochelsteert station (RS) in contrast to all other stations. This could be an indication that the area around the station is used for mating. The calves are suckled for about 10 months, but start feeding independently on solid food, in the form of small shrimp-like crabs (Euphausiidae, e.g., North Sea shrimp), with the age of approximately five months. During this stage, an increase in detection rates was documented at Station LT. It is conceivable that juvenile harbour porpoises visit shallow water areas, such as the area at station LT, to forage on benthic first solid food.

Time of day had little effect on detection rates over the entire study period. However, a pattern in diurnal rhythms with more frequent detections in the morning hours was observed at Station LT. A similar pattern was also evident at station RS, with slightly higher detections throughout the day.

The tidal effect is more pronounced than diurnal patterns and could be observed at high tide or in the phases between high and low tide. Station LT shows increased detection rates just before low tide and a minimum during high tide. When comparing stations WL and RS with MB, an opposite effect is observed. Station MB shows a minimum in detection rates shortly after high tide, wheras a maximum during high tide was present at stations WL and RS.

Harbour porpoises were also detected at the measuring station in the Elbe estuary. The data does not yet allow for modelling over the entire year, as the station was just deployed in summer. However, the tidal effect with a maximum of harbour porpoise detections at high tide and lower detections at low tide has already been documented.

The Wadden Sea monitoring has so far generated robust and continuous long-term data sets up to ten years of harbour porpoise click activity. With these unique data sets, it is possible to generate models that provide information on harbour porpoise presence in the Wadden Sea and the effect of possible environmental parameters. The increase of the data base over the years has shown that the models provide an increasingly clear picture of the effect of abiotic factors on harbour porpoises. The assessments of harbour porpoise presence required by international agreements (MSFD and trilateral agreements) can currently only be carried out on a temporal scale using the acoustic data generated within the project with click detectors. In order to further expand the data base and thus improve the quality for assessment, it is necessary to continue the Wadden Sea monitoring every year.

Funding: Nationalparkverwaltung "Nieders. Wattenmeer" Wilhelmshaven, 38.752 EUR

Project Details:
The aim of the project is a survey of the local grey seal population in the entire Lower Saxony and Hamburg Wadden Sea during the birthing season (November-December) and at the time of the fur change (March-April).
On five trilaterally coordinated dates (three during the birthing season; two during the fur-change period), airborne surveys will be conducted with a single-engine aircraft. During the aerial surveys of the tidal flats, a high-resolution SLR camera will be used to photograph the haul-outs. In order to determine the number of young born as well as the total population, the photos taken are subsequently analyzed on the computer.

Results:

Brasseur S., Carius F., Diederichs B., Galatius A., Jeß A., Körber P., Meise K., Schop J., Siebert U., Teilmann J., Bie Thøstesen C. & Klöpper S. (2021) EG-Marine Mammals grey seal surveys in the Wadden Sea and Helgoland in 2020-2021. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.

https://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/sites/default/files/Wadden%20Sea_Grey_Seal_Report_2021_0.pdf