Research

Project Details:
The aim of this study is to examine a possible association between the
concentration of IGFBP and IGF-1 in blood and follicular fluid and whether this is also reflected in differences in local gene expression in the immediate vicinity of the oocyte. The IGFBP pattern in blood and follicular fluid of the same animals will be measured by Western ligand blotting and the IGF-1 concentration by ELISA. The local gene expression of components of the IGF system in obtained granulosa cells will be detected by PCR. Thus, a possible transfer between the somatotropic axis and the local IGF-1 system will be investigated and visualized by in vivo experiments.

Results:

https://elib.tiho-hannover.de/receive/tiho_mods_00007881

Cooperation Partners:

Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg

Funding: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), 48.000 EUR

Project Details:
Alphaviruses (family Togaviridae) are emerging and re-emerging small enveloped RNA viruses, which are transmitted from animal reservoirs to humans by mosquitoes and can cause debilitating joint pain or encephalitis. Depending on the reservoir species and the transmitting
mosquito vector they are found in different geographic regions. While Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and O?nyong?nyong virus (ONNV) were historically restricted to tropical and subtropical climates, Sindbis virus (SINV) and Ross River virus (RRV) are primarily found in Scandinavia and Australia, respectively. Adaptation of CHIKV to new mosquito vectors and global warming led to the occurrence of the virus in Europe, making it a potential public health problem in Germany and neighboring countries. An
introduction of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), which is circulating in the Americas and causing neurological symptoms in equids and humans, may also be possible in the future. No human vaccines or antiviral drugs against arthritogenic and neurotropic alphaviruses are on the market to date. This is reflected by a gap of knowledge of the molecular mechanism of the infection process and critical host factors involved in alphavirus infection and cross-species transmission.
Recently, our team found that the phosphatidylserine receptor T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a CHIKV attachment factor. Another prominent group of phosphatidylserine receptors is the Tyro3, AXL, and MerTK (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family comprising the three proteins Tyro3, AXL and MerTK. The physiological function of TIM and TAM receptors is to bind and internalize apoptotic
bodies, which expose phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane leaflet. We could show that TIM-1 but not AXL serves as host factor for CHIKV. Moreover, the TIM-1 phosphatidylserine binding domain termed metal ion ligand binding site (MILIBS) is critical for the host factor function of TIM-1 in the context of CHIKV infection. TIM-1 affects binding as well as internalization of CHIKV particles to human cells. Finally, TIM-1 also enhances CHIKV infection in keratinocytes, which are among the first target cells of the virus after mosquito bite.
We therefore hypothesize that alphaviruses including CHIKV will use phosphatidylserine receptors for cell attachment and entry in reservoir species such as non-human primates and in transmitting mosquito vectors. Moreover, we here aim to clarify if virus produced in insect cells also exposes phosphatidylserine and this aids in infection of human cells, i.e. in cross-species transmission. Lastly, we will elucidate, how
phosphatidylserine becomes exposed on the viral envelope.
Thereby the work will contribute to the understanding of the molecular composition of alphavirus particles, the function of alphavirus attachment factors and the role of apoptotic mimicry in cross-species transmission and consequently emergence of alphaviruses.

Funding: Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, 206.956 EUR

Project Details:
In vitro investigations on host-pathogen interactions and factors determining virulence of non-notifiable avian Influenza viruses.

Cooperation Partners:

GD Deventer, Dr. S. de Wit

University of Edinburgh, Dr. L. Vervelde

Department of Poultry Diseases, Pulawy, Dr. K. Smietanka

Hungary, Prof. A. Balint

Funding: Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL), 622.484 EUR

Project Details:
Ziel des Projektes "Evolection" ist, die Züchtungsarbeit von nach dem Prinzip der Wechselkreuzung arbeitenden, selbstremontierenden Sauenbetrieben zu objektivieren und durch eine verbesserte Selektionsentscheidung aufgrund von im Betrieb automatisch erhobenen Massendaten zu optimieren. Mittels Cloud-basierter Datenanalyse von in Sauenbetrieben erhobener Leistungszahlen und der Massendatenanalyse verschiedenster Sensordaten des Betriebs im Sinne eines KI-Systems wird ein objektiv nachvollziehbarer und für jeden Transparenter "Goldstandard-KI" der Züchtungsselektion bei der Schweinezucht mittels Wechselkreuzung etabliert. Damit wird die "züchterische Nase" erfahrener Züchter softwaretechnisch nachgebildet, objektiviert und über die Cloud jedem praktischen Sauenhalter zugänglich gemacht. Auch wird durch die Etablierung neuer Bewertungsparameter wie "Langlebigkeit" und "Mütterlichkeit" der gesellschaftlichen Forderung nach mehr Tierwohl Rechnung getragen und durch die messtechnische Erfassung und Auswertung der Futterverwertung, die Ressourceneffizienz der Schweinehaltung als Gesamtheit verbessert.

Cooperation Partners:

Hölscher + Leuschner GmbH & Co. KG

Funding: DFG, 192.000 EUR

Project Details:
Etwa 3 % der Weltbevölkerung ist chronisch mit dem Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV) infiziert, welches akute und chronische Lebererkrankungen verursacht. Da ein robustes immunkompetentes Tiermodell zur Entwicklung prophylaktischer oder therapeutischer Impfstoffe noch nicht gefunden werden konnte und der Ursprung des HCV schwer zu fassen ist, rückt das dem HCV am nächsten verwandte Virus, das equine Hepacivirus (EqHV) bei Pferden, mehr in den Fokus. Ein verbessertes Verständnis dieses Viruses ist außerdem für die Pferdemedizin von großer Bedeutung, da gezeigt werden konnte, dass auch EqHV akute und chronische Infektionen verursachen kann.
Grund für diese Ausprägung kann eine fehlende hepatische Toleranz sein, die verhindert, dass dauerhaft infizierte Pferde eine robuste zelluläre Immunität aufbauen können. Daher würde ein erweitertes Wissen über die Mechanismen der hepatischen Toleranz helfen, chronischen Infektionen entgegenzuwirken. Hierauf soll die therapeutische Impfung eine Antwort geben, bei der die MVA basierte Vektor-Impfstoff-Technologie verwendet wird. Dabei exprimiert MVA (modified vaccinia virus Ankara) ausgewählte EqHV-Antigene, welche dann in Impfungen vergleichend analysiert werden, um diejenigen Antigene zu finden, die eine ausgewogene zelluläre und humorale antivirale Immunantwort induzieren.
Ziel ist es hierbei, die Immunantwort gegen EqHV bei chronisch infizierten Pferden und die immunologische Wirkung einer therapeutischen Impfung gegen EqHV bei gesunden Tieren zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus stellt dieses Projekt auch einen potenziellen Nutzen für die Humanmedizin dar und liefert weitere Hinweise auf den Ursprung von HCV.

Funding: Forschungskreis der Ernährungsindustrie e.V. (FEI), 96.588 EUR

Project Details:
Milk is increasingly criticised by the public for causing various diseases in humans. Beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), which is formed from A1 beta-casein during the digestion of milk, is suggested to be responsible for this. Caseins make up the largest proportion of the protein fraction in milk, accounting for about 80% of the total protein. Four types are distinguished, two different alpha-caseins (αS1 and αS2), as well as kappa- and beta-casein. In domestic cattle, 12 different variants of the beta-casein gene (CSN2) are known so far (A1, A2, A3, B, C, D, E, F, G, H1, H2 and I), of which the A1 and A2 variants are the most significant. At the protein level, the A1 and A2 beta-caseins differ in a single amino acid at position 67 (A1: histidine; A2: proline), which is thought to have a significant influence on the structural and thus also functional properties of the proteins. These can influence both the enteric digestibility of the milk and the technological properties during milk processing. The majority of milk marketed in Germany contains varying amounts of A1 and A2 beta-casein and is referred to as A1 milk. A2 milk, on the other hand, comes from A2/A2 homozygous animals and may not contain A1 beta-casein. The BCM-7 produced from A1 beta-casein may be further degraded to BCM-5, both of which are thought to mediate their effects via - and µ-opioid receptors. In A2 milk, however, the production of these BCM peptides is supposed to be significantly lower, although this assumption is still questionable. In the proposed project, therefore, fundamental questions about the effect of BCM-7 and its occurrence (degradation, formation) in milk and milk products should be answered. Therefore in one part of the project BCM-7 will be added to milk before processing to cheese and yoghurt, in another part milk from A1/A1 and A2/A2 cows will be used for processing. At different steps within the production of the cheese and yoghurt BCM-7 contents will be analysed. In further investigations, physicochemical, sensory and microbiological analyses will be performed to determine the extent to which the different milk genotypes influence the quality of the specific milk products.

Cooperation Partners:

Lehrstuhl für Physiologie (Frau Prof. Cornelia Deeg), Lehrstuhl für Klinische Pharmakologie (Prof. H. Ammer) der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München

Funding: Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein, Tönning, 39.689 EUR

Project Details:
The Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW) of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, is unique throughout Europe and the world in certain areas with its locally conducted research. Scientific research focuses on investigation of health (e.g. infectious diseases and zoonoses), behaviour, habitat utilisation (e.g. by telemetry and acoustic monitoring), population trends (e.g. by flight surveys) as well as anthropogenic impacts on marine mammals. The generation and maintenance of marine mammal databases on national and international level is an important focus of work, likewise the statistical evaluation with subsequent modelling in order to answer current research questions.
Investigations of dead and alive marine mammals are performed within the framework of research projects and monitoring programs and a direct contact is maintained with the stranding network and seal rangers. The quality of the marine mammal registration forms developed by the ITAW, supplied by the seal rangers with each animal, can be verified and refined on the basis of necropsies of these collected marine mammals. Every registration form of marine mammals found at the coasts of Schleswig-Holstein completed by the seal rangers will be digitalised and transferred into a database in the context of this project. These data will be pooled annually and analysed in order to assess trends of strandings for the three native marine mammal species as well as to evaluate potential causes. Furthermore, these data will be blended regularly with data of animals investigated at the ITAW. This facilitates a more comprehensive and more objective assessment of the native marine mammal population status. On that point, more complex scientific evaluations can be conducted than before and the gained results can be used directly by responsible authorities for the advancement of existing management plans.

Funding: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Rahmenprogramm "Forschung für nachhaltige Entwicklungen" (FONA3)), 271.742 EUR

Project Details:
The aim of this project is to increase our understanding of the trophic ecology of marine mammals, their function within the North Sea food web as well as their ecosystem services.

Marine mammals are especially useful indicators to assess the state of our seas as they reflect changes in marine ecosystems on a large temporal and spatial scale. Being predators of higher trophic levels marine mammals are of ecological, economic and cultural importance. This is an essential baseline to improve management decisions in regard to marine resources and conservation.

The North Sea is currently undergoing a rapid change caused by substantial changes in environmental drivers and human impacts, including climate change. In the southern North Sea, oligotrophication and lower fishing pressure potentially reverse trophic controls. In order to gain a better understanding of the impacts of ongoing changes in food webs and biodiversity, BioWeb aims to analyse long-term datasets of marine mammals, together with other taxonomic groups, such as zooplankton, benthos and fish to integrate these groups into spatially high-resolution food web models of the EcoPath family.

Until now marine mammals have not been represented sufficiently in most ecosystem models. In order to close these knowledge gaps, ITAW will process long-term data sets on abundance and seasonal distribution of key marine mammals (i.e., harbour seal, grey seal and harbour porpoise) in the southern North Sea for integration into the food web model. Additionally, the present preferred prey spectrum needs to be determined since a realistic estimate of biomass consumption, and any change therein, needs to be assessed. ITAW will use complimentary methods to assess the diet of marine mammals, such as conventional stomach content analysis, stable isotope analysis and DNA metabarcoding. This approach will provide conclusions on predator - prey dynamics, trophic interactions and competition with fisheries. Therefore, multiple strategies regarding marine resources management can be evaluated and conservation decision making can be evolved.

Developed scenarios of biodiversity change and its consequences for food webs and the use of biological resources will be communicated to local and regional actors in North Sea coastal communities, including local fisheries, aquaculture, economy, tourism, politics and administration. A case study at ITAW will focus on the transfer of the ecological, economic and cultural value of marine mammals to local stakeholders. Moreover, it will highlight the polarizing discussion about the seal - fisheries conflict.

Results:

Foraging ecology of harbour porpoises, harbour seals and grey seals and their role in the food web of the southern North Sea

https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:95-120630

Cooperation Partners:

Senckenberg am Meer (Koordinatorin BioWeb)

Thünen Institut für Seefischerei

Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung

Funding: Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung, 603.258 EUR

Project Details:
The "DigiPig" experimental field pursues the strategic goal of further developing opportunities for digitisation, knowledge transfer and transformation for broad agricultural practice. Focus is laid on animal-friendly and resource-conserving pig farming, which can be transferred to other farms. A specially developed data model - the farm management software "DigiSchwein" - is intended to support pig farmers in their daily work with the animals.

Cooperation Partners:

Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen

Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg

OFFIS e.V.

Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut

Georg-August Universität Göttingen

Funding: Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Ernährung und Verbraucherschutz, 463.009 EUR

Project Details:
Das Ziel des vorliegenden Untersuchungskonzeptes ist es, das Raum-Zeit-Verhalten von Prädatoren in Birkhuhnlebensräumen im Kontext des Prädatorenmanagements und der Pflegemaßnahmen zu bewerten und zu optimieren.
Für ein verbessertes Biotopmanagement ist es wichtig zu verstehen, wie genau sich Prädatoren im Lebensraum der Birkhühner bewegen, welche Strukturen sie bevorzugen oder auch meiden und dieses stets in Abhängigkeit von der Jahres- und Tageszeit. Daraus lassen sich potentiell prädationsgefährdete Bereiche in den verschiedenen Lebensphasen von Birkhühnern aufzeigen (Brut, Küken, Jungtiere, Winter), die z.B. durch Pflegemaßnahmen unattraktiv für Prädatoren gestaltet werden können. Darüber hinaus sind die Telemetrieergebnisse ebenfalls für ein verbessertes Prädatorenmanagement von grundlegender Bedeutung. So lassen sich aus den Aufzuchtstätten von Prädatoren und der Raumnutzung während der Aufzucht geeignete Standorte für Fallensysteme ableiten bzw. die Einwanderung von Prädatoren in potentielle Birkhuhnbruthabitate einschränken.

Folgende Fragestellungen und Ziele sollen mit dem vorliegenden Untersuchungskonzept verfolgt werden:

a.Welche Landschaftselemente werden durch bestimmte Prädatoren (Habicht, Fuchs, Marder) in den Birkhuhnkerngebieten in Verbindung mit dem umliegenden wald- und landwirtschaftlichen Flächen (edge-effect) genutzt?
b.Gibt es dabei eine jahreszeitliche Präferenz in Abhängigkeit vom Angebot an Landschaftselementen, insbesondere zur Aufzuchtzeit oder bei der Überwinterung?
c.Berechnung der Prädatorendichte bei den Raubsäugern über ein Fotofallenmonitoring und Abschätzung der Effektivität der Prädatorenbejagung
d.Wie lassen sich die verschiedenen Managementkonzepte in den Birkhuhnbiotopen (NSG Lüneburger Heide, Rheinmetall) anhand der Erkenntnisse zur Prädatorendichte und Raumnutzung für den Birkhuhnschutz optimieren?

Darüber hinaus können begleitende Untersuchungen zum genetischen Austausch der Subpopulation, der Migration und der Landschaftskonnektivität unterstützt und der "Aktionsplan Birkhuhn Lüneburger Heide" durch wissenschaftliche Expertise und Erkenntnisse vorangetrieben werden.